Stuttering in Children: When to Worry and How to Help

Stuttering is a fluency disorder characterised by repetitions (“b‑b‑ball”), prolongations (“ssssnake”) or blocks (momentary pauses where no sound is produced). The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) explains that stuttering typically begins between ages two and six. About five to ten per cent of children will stutter at some point, but most outgrow it. Boys are two to three times more likely than girls to stutter, and this difference increases as children get older.

Many children go through a phase of disfluent speech when their language is developing rapidly. Typical disfluencies include interjections (“um”), revisions and whole‑word repetitions. These usually resolve on their own. Stuttering is more likely when the disfluencies occur on the first sound of a word, are accompanied by tension or struggling, or when the child avoids speaking.

The exact cause of stuttering is unknown, but research suggests a combination of genetic and neurophysiological factors. If there is a family history of stuttering, the child is at higher risk. Stuttering may also be linked to differences in how the brain processes speech and language. Stress, excitement and fatigue can exacerbate stuttering but do not cause it.

What should parents do if they notice stuttering? First, avoid telling the child to slow down or take a deep breath, which can increase pressure and anxiety. Instead, model slow, relaxed speech yourself. Maintain natural eye contact and show that you are listening to the content, not the fluency. Provide your child with time to finish their thoughts without interrupting.

Create a calm communication environment. Set aside a few minutes each day for one‑on‑one talking time without distractions. Use turn‑taking games to practise waiting and listening. Encourage your child to talk about topics they enjoy to build confidence. Praise their efforts to communicate and focus on what they are saying rather than how they say it.

Consult a speech‑language pathologist if stuttering persists for more than six months, if your child begins stuttering later than age three, if stuttering increases in frequency or severity, or if there is a family history of stuttering. Early therapy can help children develop strategies to manage stuttering and reduce its impact on communication.

Most children who stutter grow into fluent speakers, especially with supportive listeners and, when needed, professional intervention. By responding calmly and seeking help when necessary, parents can ensure that stuttering does not become a barrier to their child’s social and academic success.